What is a Frequency Polygon – Definition and Examples
What is a Frequency Polygon – Definition and Example Another way to represent the same data set is by using a frequency polygon.The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. The frequencies are represented by the heights […]
What is a Histogram – Meaning and Examples
The Histogram The histogram is a graph that displays the data by using contiguous vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class is 0) of various heights to represent the frequencies of the classes. Construct a histogram to represent the data shown for the record high temperatures for each of the 50 states (see Example […]
Unbiased Sampling Techniques – random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
To obtain samples that are unbiased—i.e., that give each subject in the population an equally likely chance of being selected—statisticians use four basic methods of sampling: random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. Random Sampling Random samples are selected by using chance methods or random numbers. One such method is to number each subject in […]
How to Write an Argumentative Essay: Examples & Tips
How to Write an Argumentative Essay: Examples & Tips Writing an argumentative essay involves presenting a well-supported argument in favor of a particular thesis statement. Whether you encounter this task in high school or at the university level, mastering the art of argumentation is crucial. This article provides a guide on how to write an […]
2nd Order Factors in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
2nd Order Factors Handling 2nd order factors in AMOS is not difficult, but it is tricky. And, if you don’t get it right, it won’t run. The pictures below offer a simple example of how you would model a 2nd order factor in a measurement model and in a structural model. The YouTube video tutorial […]
Measurement Model Invariance in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Measurement Model Invariance Before creating composite variables for a path analysis, configural, metric, and scalar invariance should be tested during the CFA to validate that the factor structure and loadings are sufficiently equivalent across groups, otherwise your composite variables will not be very useful (because they are not actually measuring the same underlying latent construct […]
Common Method Bias (CMB) in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Common Method Bias (CMB) REF: Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., and Podsakoff, N.P. “Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies,” Journal of Applied Psychology (88:5) 2003, p 879. Common method bias refers to a bias in your dataset due to something external to the measures. Something external to the […]
Validity and Reliability in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Validity and Reliability in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) It is absolutely necessary to establish convergent and discriminant validity, as well as reliability, when doing a CFA. If your factors do not demonstrate adequate validity and reliability, moving on to test a causal model will be useless – garbage in, garbage out! There are a few […]
How to Do Model Fitness in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
How to Do Model Fitness in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Model fit refers to how well our proposed model (in this case, the model of the factor structure) accounts for the correlations between variables in the dataset. If we are accounting for all the major correlations inherent in the dataset (with regards to the variables […]
Model Fitness in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Model Fitness in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Model fit refers to how well our proposed model (in this case, the model of the factor structure) accounts for the correlations between variables in the dataset. If we are accounting for all the major correlations inherent in the dataset (with regards to the variables in our model), […]
